Adeze Ojukwu
1 March 2007
Deputy — Violence against children, particularly, the girl-child has assumed monumental propensity.
With high incidences in Nigeria and Africa, violence, against the world's youngest citizens, 18 years and below, often manifests as rape, child labour, child abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, physical violence, infanticide and drafting of under-aged in armed conflict and gang warfare.
In our time, child traders and beggars are denied access to education, production, quality food, health and recreational facilities.
Sadly some of them, girls in particular, may be caught in the web of sex and human trafficking, thus exposing them to ills and dangers, thus compromising their future.
There is no doubt federal government and other designated authorities have established some form of systems to assist and protect the Nigerian child, but these money-guzzling and bogous "failed," based on the fate and harsh experiences of these children.
Hospital and police records, indicate sadly, an increase in rape, sexual assaults and various crimes against Nigerian children.
It is sad and unfortunate, because every society and indeed government strives to protect the vulnerable, particularly children. "Protecting children is a sacred duty of government," and failure to meet this obligation is most inexcusable and indefensible.
Violence often times turns children into armed robbers, swindlers, gun carriers and gangsters.
Last week, United Nations (UN) Dr. Koffi Anan presented the study on violence against children, lamenting that "much violence against children remains hidden and socially approved."
For the first time, a single document provides a comprehensive global view of the range and scale of violence against children."
Violence against children the report noted included as physical violence, psychological violence, discrimination, neglect and maltreatment. It ranges from sexual abuse in the home to corporal and humiliating punishment at school; from the use of physical restraints in children's homes to brutality at the hands of law enforcement officers; from abuse and neglect in institutions to gang warfare on the streets where children play or work; from infanticide to so-called 'honour' killing.
"The best way to deal with violence against children is to stop it before it happens," says Professor Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, the Independent Expert appointed by the Secretary-General to lead the Study. "Everyone has a role to play in this, but States must take the primary responsibility. That means prohibiting all kinds of violence against children, wherever it occurs and whoever is the perpetrator, and investing in prevention programmes to address the underlying causes. People must be held accountable for their actions but a strong legal framework is not only about sanctions, it is about sending a robust, unequivocal signal that society will not accept violence against children."
The Study, which combined human rights, public health and child protection perspectives, focuses on five 'settings' where violence occurs: the home and family, schools and educational settings, institutions (care and judicial), the workplace, and the community.
Extreme violence against children may hit the headlines but the Study concludes that for many children violence is routine, a part of their daily reality. The situation in our country presents a good case study.
Although much violence remains hidden or unreported, and figures therefore often underestimate the scope of the problem, the statistics in the report reveal a startling picture.
In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that some 53,000 children aged 0-17 died as a result of homicide;
According to the International Labour Office's (ILO) latest estimates, 5.7 million children were in forced or bonded labour, 1.8 million in prostitution and pornography, and 1.2 million were victims of trafficking in 2000.
In 16 developing countries reviewed by a Global School-Based Health Survey, the percentage of school-aged children that reported having been verbally or physically bullied at school in the previous 30 days ranged from 20 per cent in some countries to as much as 65 per cent in others;
According to the Study, children in detention are frequently subjected to violence by staff, including as a form of control or punishment, often for minor infractions. In 77 countries, corporal and other violent punishments are accepted as legal disciplinary measures in penal institutions.
Although the consequences may vary according to the nature and severity of the violence inflicted, the short- and long-term repercussions for children are very often grave and damaging. The physical, emotional and psychological scars of violence can have severe implications for a child's development, health and ability to learn. Studies have shown that experiencing violence in childhood is strongly associated with health risk behaviours later in life such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, physical inactivity and obesity. In turn, these behaviours contribute to some of the leading causes of disease and death, including cancers, depression, suicide and cardiovascular disorders.
"No matter whether it occurs in the family, school, community, institution or workplace, health workers are the front line for responding to violence against children," says Dr Anders Nordström, WHO Acting Director-General.
"We must make our contribution to ensuring that such violence is prevented from occurring in the first place, and that where it does occur children receive the best possible services to reduce its harmful effects. States should pursue evidence-based policies and programmes which address factors that give rise to such violence, and ensure that resources are allocated to address its underlying causes and monitor the response to these efforts."
"Violence against children is a violation of their human rights, a disturbing reality of our societies," says Louise Arbour, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. "It can never be justified whether for disciplinary reasons or cultural tradition. No such thing as a 'reasonable' level of violence is acceptable. Legalized violence against children in one context risks tolerance of violence against children generally."
"Violence has a lasting affect not just on children and their families, but also on communities and nations," says UNICEF Executive Director Ann M. Veneman. "We welcome this comprehensive study on the impact of violence against children."
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