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Niger: Is Plumpy'nut Ready to Grow Up?
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UN Integrated Regional Information Networks
31 January 2008
Posted to the web 31 January 2008
Niamey
A hugely beneficial nutritious snack called Plumpy'nut should be commercially available and marketed much more aggressively if it is to have a significant impact on malnutrition in Niger, according to Steve Collins at the consultancy Valid International in Dublin.
The sole factory in Niger producing the peanut, dried milk, oil and sugar-based snack only makes it available to aid agencies.
Fatima Cissé said it was good business acumen more than humanitarianism that led her to set up a factory turning out the Plumpy'nut snack in a country where over 50 percent of the population can experience serious malnourishment.
"We didn't even have to do to research and development - we already have the perfect product for fighting malnutrition. We just had to keep replicating it," she told IRIN in an interview in her office in the Nigerien capital, Niamey.
MSF Plumpy'nut prevention trial success
MSF ran a trial run in Niger in 2007 of handing out Plumpy'nut to 65,000 people in the Maradi region, which is typically the hungriest part of the country when the lean season arrives in June, regardless of whether they showed signs of malnutrition or not and before the most difficult time of the year had begun.
Milton Tectonidis, the NGO's head of nutrition, said the trial led to a cut in severe malnutrition rates from 1.6 percent of children under five to just 0.6 percent, well below the seasonal and national average of 1.4 percent.
"This proves it," he said. "The classic thing is to consider malnutrition as related to food insecurity, and while it is to some extent, this shows it is more related to the variety and quality of what is eaten more than the quantity."
According to Tectonidis, that should shake up the way the whole food aid system works. "Just giving more food will not always help, except in a famine. In most cases of malnutrition there is enough food for children to fill their stomachs, but it is not the right kind of food."
MSF says large-scale outpatient projects like this one are only being implemented in Niger, Malawi and Ethiopia.
The factory's manually-operated production line turns out around 40 tonnes of blended food per month.
The product has massive potential to help the people of Niger (Nigeriens). Malnutrition weakens children's resistance to germs that cause pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and measles and to the AIDS virus.
The UN estimates that over 50 percent of the deaths of children under five in Niger are caused by malnutrition, and Plumpy'nut has proven cost-effective and efficient at both preventing and treating the disease.
But you cannot buy it in the country's markets. The factory's primary clients are currently the UN Children's Fund and the non-governmental organisation (NGO) Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), according to Cissé, who says the factory saves agencies time and money, as well injecting much-needed innovation and cash into the local economy.
The factory provides around 30 percent of what aid agencies hand out in Niger, with the rest sourced from abroad.
Lack of commercialisation
For Steve Collins the lack of commercialisation is a major flaw.
"Ready to use foods have been available since 1996 but the focus has always been on developing and producing products, not on how to deliver them to people," he said.
MSF estimates only about 3 percent of children with severe acute malnutrition - around 600,000 - have access to any kind of ready to use food.
According to Collins, the model of aid agencies with foreign-funded distribution projects such as those run by MSF, which has been a strong advocate of the Plumpy'nut product in Niger, need to give way to a more sustainable model of placing the product in the national health system and on the markets.
"It's a matter first of all of encouraging people to change their behaviours - for example saying if your children get sick, don't take them to a traditional healer, take them to a health centre," he said. "Then the Plumpy'nut actually needs to be available in the health system."
He said people also need to be educated that it is as important what they eat as how much, and that a little of their money spent on highly nutritional products, at the same time as they buy the cereals and grains that traditionally form the staple of the Nigerien diet, will go a long way.
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"This is true especially as urbanisation becomes more of an issue in developing countries and people are buying everything they get from markets," he said.
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