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Uganda: Rising Food Prices Could Be a Blessing in Disguise
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New Vision (Kampala)
OPINION
20 March 2008
Posted to the web 21 March 2008
Caroline Boin
Kampala
Rising food prices have caused street protests from Mexico to India to Senegal. But this could be a blessing in disguise if it makes governments eliminate the trade barriers that exacerbate high prices: the poorest countries will benefit most from dropping their own tariffs.
Nobel economics laureate Gary Becker estimates that a 30 per cent rise in food prices over five years would cause living standards to fall by 3 per cent in rich countries and by more than 20 per cent in poor countries.
A few countries have already temporarily eased tariffs on agricultural imports to soften the blow for consumers-even the European Union. Thailand is considering a cut of 50 per cent for maize, soybeans and other animal feed.
These tariff reductions will offset price increases not just by lowering prices but by increasing supply. Increased trade in agricultural goods (not just food) could even help avert famine where produce is subject to intense government control, such as in North Korea, Ethiopia, Kenya and many others. But many countries resist free trade in food, domestically or with neighbours.
In Africa, 200 million people are underfed, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation. They have borne the brunt of counter-productive State management of agriculture that has damaged farmers and economies.
For years, governments in Africa forced farmers to surrender their crops to state-run marketing boards at below market rates.
Some of these corrupt and inefficient institutions have been weakened or abolished but many other restrictions on agriculture remain, including tariffs on produce and on inputs such as fertiliser and machinery-and even tariffs on exports.
Many development analysts are obsessed with subsidies to farmers in rich countries, now extended to biofuels, and the damage it inflicts on the world's poor.
But it is the world's poorest countries that impose the highest barriers against trade with each other: agricultural exports between sub-Saharan countries face an average tariff of 33.6 per cent, the highest of any region on Earth. A whopping 70 per cent of the world's trade barriers are imposed by governments in poor countries on people in other poor countries.
Alhaji Ahmed Abdulkadir, a presidential adviser in Nigeria, has said: "I can assure you that my pen is always ready to ban more items as long as they are available in Nigeria." These would be "either banned completely and where we have doubts, we will impose high tariffs."
Nigeria's import bans have included staples such as wheat, rice, maize and vegetable oil, making Nigerians pay sky-high prices. The World Bank estimates that global free trade in all goods would add $287b to world income each year, half of that going to poor countries.
Sixty-three per cent of that immediate gain would come from freeing agricultural trade alone. In African countries, nearly all of that 63 per cent would come from removing their own import tariffs and quotas, which artificially restrict access to other markets, including their neighbours'. High food prices are now a clear and immediate reason to cut tariffs but that does not mean it will happen.
For decades, protectionism has been imposed against the interests of local consumers because of an unholy coalition of Western activists and local vested interests.
Under the slogan "Make Trade Fair," groups like Oxfam and Christian Aid claim that protecting local industries and agriculture with tariffs will allow them to grow and become competitive-with local consumers, especially the poorest, suffering higher prices. But decades of protectionism have done little for sub-Saharan Africa.
It is no surprise that crop yields-like income and life expectancy-have steadily decreased across much of Africa since the 1980s.
The technologies that could turn their fortunes around, such as fertilizer, irrigation and genetically-modified crops, remain largely out of reach. Worse-and contrary to trends in Asia and Latin America-fertilizer use has actually fallen in many African countries in the past two decades.
Whereas an average of 107 kilogrammes of fertilizer is used per hectare in the developing world as a whole, African countries use only eight. The consequence has been disastrous: 70 per cent of the continent's workforce is still in agriculture, mainly subsistence farming, contributing only about 25 per cent of Gross Domestic Product.
Demand and prices for food are rising, so freeing trade would be the best remedy for the world's poor, cutting prices at a stroke and boosting production. High food prices are putting pressure on protectionist governments to free their trade or face angry mobs.
The choice is obvious, lest a crisis turn into a tragedy.
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The writer is a Research Fellow in the Environment Programme at the International Policy Network (IPN) in London. The article was co-authored with Alec van Gelder who is a Network Director at IPN
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