Abimbola Akosile
22 July 2008
Lagos — A new report has revealed that every day, over 2.5 billion people suffer from a lack of access to improved sanitation, which refers to any facility that hygienically separates human waste from the environment.
The detailed report was issued jointly by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking-water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) in New York and Geneva last week.
The JMP report, titled "Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation," comes halfway through the International Year of Sanitation; and added that nearly 1.2 billion people practise open defecation, the riskiest sanitary practice of all.
Also according to the report, seven of the ten countries that have made the most rapid progress and are on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal drinking water targets are in sub-Saharan Africa. These include Burkina Faso, Namibia, Ghana, Malawi, Uganda, Mali, Djibouti.
The report assessed, for the first time ever, global, regional and country progress using an innovative 'ladder' concept. This showed sanitation practices in greater detail, enabling experts to highlight trends in using improved, shared and unimproved sanitation facilities and the trend in open defecation.
Similarly, the 'drinking water ladder' showed the percentage of the world population that uses water piped into a dwelling, plot or yard; other improved water sources such as hand pumps, and unimproved sources.
The number of people globally who lack access to an improved drinking water source. Improved drinking water sources means that the drinking water source is protected from fecal and chemical contamination. has fallen below one billion for the first time since data were first compiled in 1990.
At present 87 per cent of the world population has access to improved drinking water sources, with current trends suggesting that more than 90 per cent will do so by 2015, the report noted.
It also revealed that the number of people worldwide practising open defecation dropped from 24 per cent in 1990 to 18 per cent in 2006.
The report also highlighted disparities within national borders, particularly between rural and urban dwellers. Worldwide, there are four times as many people in rural areas, approximately 746 million, without improved water sources, compared to some 137 million urban dwellers, it stated.
The JMP report also noted that poor sanitation threatens children's survival as a fecally-contaminated environment is directly linked to diarrheal disease, one of the biggest killers of infants under the age of five; and that a clean environment is very difficult to ensure if open defecation is practised, even by a minority of the population.
"At current trends, the world will fall short of the Millennium sanitation target by more than 700 million people," said Ann M. Veneman, UNICEF Executive Director. "Without dramatic improvements, much will be lost."
However, the report stated that more and more people are now using improved sanitation facilities - that is, facilities that ensure human excreta are disposed of in a way that prevents them from causing disease by contaminating food and water sources.
It noted that although the practice of open defecation is on the decline worldwide, 18 per cent of the world's population, totaling 1.2 billion people, still practise it; and that in southern Asia, some 778 million people still rely on this riskiest sanitation practice.
"We have today a full menu of low-cost technical options for the provision of sanitation in most settings" said Dr. Margaret Chan, WHO's Director-General. "More and more governments are determined to improve health by bringing water and sanitation to their poorest populations. If we want to break the stranglehold of poverty, and reap the multiple benefits for health, we must address water and sanitation."
The report revealed that real improvements in access to safe drinking water have occurred in many of the countries of southern Africa.
Of ten countries not yet on track to meet the sanitation target, but making rapid progress, five are in sub-Saharan Africa (Benin, Cameroon, Comoros, Mali and Zambia).
UNICEF is on the ground in over 150 countries and territories to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence. WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system.
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation is the official UN mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards MDG Target 7c on drinking water supply and sanitation.
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