Social exclusion of some groups and individuals from the formulation and implementation of budget has been identified as a cause of conflict in Nigeria.

This was observed at the ongoing nationwide workshop organized by the United Nations Development programme (UNDP) for state executives, legislators and some government officials on conflict-sensitive approach to development and budget formulation.

Experts submitted that those excluded often turn against one another, resulting in intra and inter-group conflicts and unhealthy rivalry.

One of the resource persons at the training, Mr. Chukwuemeka Eze, said,"Exclusion happens because of imbalances of power and safeguarding one group's control over processes and resources that are seen as essential for survival as it borders on fundamental human rights, culture, religion, economics, memories as well as fundamental human needs."

He therefore advised inclusion of all irrespective of culture, religion, education and social status, adding that "the usual, predictable, extremely unimaginative and boring response from the leaders should be avoided in order not to aggravate violence."