Photo: Kristy Siegfried/IRIN Blantyre — Prolonged dry spells followed by poor harvests in Malawi's maize-growing central and southern regions have created widespread food shortages, yet it has taken months to fully determine the extent of the crisis, and it may take several more to fund and implement a comprehensive response.
Estimates at the beginning of 2012 put the number of Malawians facing food shortages at about 202,000 in 10 districts, prompting the government to impose a ban on maize exports; the figure was later revised to include an additional 70,000. But a more detailed assessment by the Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC) released in July found that 1.63 million people - 11 percent of the total population - might not have enough food to meet their basic needs over the next three to eight months. They are concentrated in 15 districts, all in Malawi's central and southern regions, an area perennially plagued by unpredictable rains and poor harvests.
Part of the reason behind the steep increase in numbers was the move by incoming President Joyce Banda in May to devalue the local currency by nearly 50 percent. It was an effort to boost exports and woo back international donors that had abandoned the country during the final year of former President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule.
The devaluation, widely viewed as "a necessary evil", triggered substantial increases in the prices of many basic goods, including maize. For many rural households in drought-hit districts, the high maize prices have made it difficult or impossible to supplement poor harvests.
Going hungry
"I do not know what to do now; our harvest was very bad," said Nancy Kumwenda from Ntcheu, one of the districts in central Malawi affected by the food shortage. "We got less than a bag of maize from our land. The whole crop just withered away."
Kumwenda's eight children, plus three children of relatives in her care, depend solely on her for their school fees, clothing and food.
We got less than a bag of maize from our land. The whole crop just withered away
Meanwhile, K. Kamwendo, 85, from the village of Domasi in southern Zomba District, is unsure how he is going to survive the year on two small bags of maize, the only food in the house. Because of his advanced age, Kamwendo does not till the land but buys what he can and relies on his neighbours to donate some maize when they have a good crop. This year, his neighbours have little to spare for him.
Nearly all of the households IRIN visited in Balaka, Ntcheu, Zomba, Chiradzulu, Chikwawa and Nsanje districts told similar stories. Only farmers cultivating along the Shire River in Nsanje managed to produce sufficient harvests.
Anderson Vishalona, senior group village headman in the southern Chikwawa district, estimated that six out of 10 people in Mwana wa Njovu, a village of over 3,000, were already going hungry. "The rest do not have enough food to last them until the end of the year. The situation is very bad," he said.
Poor urban households have also been affected. "The price of maize has more than doubled," said Blessings Banda, who lives in Blantyre, Malawi's commercial capital. Like most city residents, Banda does not grow his own maize. "It is no longer possible to feed my family the way I used to before. I am really worried."
The extent to which urban populations will need food assistance will become clearer later this month when the government and humanitarian agencies release their findings from an urban food security assessment.
Response
Following the July MVAC findings, the Malawi government released a detailed response plan. It appeals for international support to fund interventions in the food, agriculture, education and health sectors, at a cost of US$89.3 million. According to the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), only $18 million has so far been raised to cover the immediate need for food assistance.
None of the households that IRIN interviewed had yet received any food aid, but according to World Food Programme (WFP) spokesperson Pamela Kuwali, food distributions began on 1 August in three districts and will reach 715,000 people in 10 districts by October. The Malawi government has contributed 25,000 metric tons of maize from the country's Strategic Grain Reserve, the UK's Department for International Development (DFID) has donated $4.7 million to cover the costs of transporting and distributing food during the first three months of the relief operation, and US Agency for International Development (USAID) has given nearly $8 million.
In a statement released in July, WFP Country Director Abdoulaye Diop confirmed the seriousness of the situation. "Our field staff has observed that households in parts of the country have harvested almost nothing," he said. "Our first priority will be to make sure that vulnerable people have enough food to sustain themselves through this lean season. At the same time, we must invest in more long-term solutions to build resilience and break the cycle of hunger."
Long-term solutions
Building long-term solutions to hunger is a mammoth task. Most Malawians depend on rain-fed agriculture to grow maize despite increasingly unpredictable rainfall, especially in the southern parts of the country where districts such as Chikwawa, Zomba and Nsanje are experiencing their fourth consecutive year of dry weather followed by poor harvests. Analysts say that the country's dependence on maize and a lack of irrigation puts Malawians at perennial risk of food shortages when rains fail.
"The problem with maize is that there is always either an oversupply or an undersupply in Malawi. When there is an oversupply, everybody has the crop and the prices go down drastically. Farmers are unable to get rid of excess crop, and that leads to heavy post-harvest losses. When there is undersupply, the prices shoot up, and everybody is scrambling to get maize. But Malawi can easily feed itself if people opted for other [crops] and used irrigation instead of depending on rain," said Victor Gondwe, who practices small-scale irrigation farming in Ntcheu District.
Instead of relying on expensive fertilizer, he uses compost and animal manure from poultry, rabbits and goats, which also feed his family. He pointed out that maize requires large quantities of rain and fertilizer, and that growing crops such as sorghum, millet, sweet potato and cassava could help address Malawi's hunger problem.
The government's food security response plan includes longer-term interventions to build the resilience of rural households to unpredictable weather such as training farmers on more sustainable farming practices, promoting crop diversification and distributing small livestock and treadle pumps for irrigation, but this portion of the plan currently remains unfunded.
This report does not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations
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This sounds too pathetic for inteligent people in these times. The need for aid and welfare is not growing or forward thinking or is it being independent, what this ammounts to is defeatism and loss of pride.The same lake should be a source of water to continue to allow for harvest.We are living in new times hwere you can not depend on rains as the earth has een transformed from the eternal provider with rains always the soil rich with nutrients; what you need to know is that we have a poluuted driven ecology that contiues to be undermined because of the greed of those who are so called world powers. Africa has everything at its disposal to make wealthy and to never have to ask for anything. We the black people of this world was indeed given a continent that is the envy of this world. They have designed thier world to make us feel incomplete as though we need them. They thave atken our histories rewritten in and given to us foolishnesss that they want to corrupt our minds with.We are the monotheist wh created israel we spoke hebrew wrote Hebrew we are they wjho came out of Egypt as we were all the same people. The stories they try to fill opour mind with is rotten with corruptionand lies; in our early and very signfican hisroies we never new what a desrt was the contiennt was rich with running water this was the garden of Eden; look around find alternative measures, you do not have to bow to look after self. The idea that you must sibmit to thier immoral and defeatism resorting to begging does not look good for Africa and the black liberation of truth.Africa was rich with genuine infrastructure since the black man was born on the planet. Let us not feed into the propoganda about Bantu ism and sub saharan Africans. These circumstances came about in recenmt modernity the past 3- 5 thousand years this pales in refernce to the fact that we have been on the planet for millions of years and civilized. We must also know that every single nation in Africa has roots in the Israelite tradition that we know today as judaism. What I contiue to see is that the real Isdraelites have been dsmised by Europeans who have alterior motives for still kepping black people down.Tutsi people are no longer black people in white recorded history.They too have Israelite roots We contiue to see a misleading of nations in Africa especially those below the equator. These historians who are writing from racist points of view who do not know truth from fantasy, those who see history as white and everything golden is white and was taught by whites. These untruths are destroying some of our black peoples pride and knowledge of self. All afgrica was developed over hundreds of thousands of years ; many cities were swallowed up by dense junghles deserts and even swalloweed by water. One thing for sure is that we are the earliest inhabittants on the planet and we emerged from Africa. As the oldest continent on the planet we have the oldest of flowing waters we have lakes rivers that have been on this planet from time immortal. We must use these lakes benificially use them to breed life into your nations. Seek help[ in buiilding a power base where water can be used to deliver services to the nation , irrigation drinking water etc. As long as there is water you can not starve!!!!! This why the former laeder of the country was adamant that he was not going to relent nad become a slave a true victim of begging bowing and destroying the independent mind of the African. Look people we must truly look at ourselves we must truly learn to do for self. Engineers in Malawi come together and find away to develop water resource that will enable the nation to have irrigated crops when the rains fail to appear. We are lving in a new time this is a new world . The wicked has seen to it that all the things we know to be true are no longer true.They with their abuse thier misuse have left the earth in turmoil , we conitue to see contaminated sea foods as the oceans are contaminated with nuclear waste. We contiue to see drying up of fertile lands as the air is polluted with acid and all sorts of chemicals.In thier greed for resources they damage the earth and rivers with pollutants that disable farmers from earning a lving creating havoc with weather patterns, these are your realities..Today i bring to you Glad Tidings!!!! lake MALAWI is your savior it is a blessing that you must treasure" it is full of food source it is rich with antiquity ; should you use this lake to irrgate your feilds the produce will be rich with nutrients .The idea is for you to produce as much fresh foods vegetables maize wheat fuits ; seek to build mills where you can refine wheat to make flour and so on . Africa needs food always and you have fertile lands that is needed to feed the continent, this is where yoour riches lie. The infrastructure to grow enourmous ammounts of produce is there !!! have no fear this is your destiny.Feed Africa those who are without wil be glad to buy your harvest so they can eat with the nourishing supplients from the ancient lake of Malawi. THINK!!!!! YOU CAN NOT LOSE!!!!!!!!