Nairobi — Kenya is embarking a long-term strategy to conserve and enhance its rich and varied wetlands-key natural resources important for agriculture, drinking water, flood defense and tourism-amid concern that many are facing serious degradation and decline.

The Kenya Wetlands Atlas, produced with funding from the Government of Kenya and the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) andtechnical support from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), details the many challenges facing dozens of important ecosystems.

In order to reverse the worrying trend of degradation, the atlas highlights the need for Kenya to embrace a raft of measures under the Ramsar Convention onWetlands' main pillars of wise use, designating and managing more Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites), and international cooperation.

"The integrity of the country's water resources and agricultural productivity is sustained by our wetlands, which are nutrient rich and productive for mostof the year," said Judi W. Wakhungu, Kenya's Cabinet Secretary for Environment, Water and Natural Resources. "Despite their role in sustaining livelihoodswe are seeing severe pressures. To combat this, the government has embarked on a long-term strategy to promote the protection of wetlands, in particularthrough a wetlands conservation and management policy currently under revision."

Another aspect of this strategy is the Master Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water Catchment Areas in Kenya, also fundedby DANIDA.

The Plan recognizes that persistent and intense cyclical droughts and floods are a proxy indicator of extensive environmental degradation. In view of this,the Plan identifies water catchment pillars that require critical conservation and sustainable management.

Indeed, the Plan identifies gaps and conflicts in current legislation and policies, and draws a roadmap for integrated planning that includes allstakeholders. The Master Plan provides a framework upon which recommendations in the Wetlands Atlas shall be implemented.

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands has been in force in Kenya since 1990, and an environment-friendly Constitution was promulgated in 2010. The EnvironmentManagement and Coordination Act and its by-laws contain a number of innovative wetland provisions. In addition the government is in the process ofintroducing a holistic national environmental policy that deal with challenges facing wetlands including:

- Over-extraction of water;

- Eutrophication (the process when a body of water receives excessive nutrients, resulting in excessive plant growth and less oxygen in the water) fromdomestic, agricultural and industrial runoff;

- Fragmentation of land;

- Deforestation of major water catchment areas;

- Overgrazing;

- Invasive species;

- Over-exploitation of wetlands goods, such as fish and plants.

- Drainage for infrastructure.

- Climate change

"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment estimated that wetlands provide services worth US$ 15 trillion worldwide, including food, water, disaster regulation,climate regulation, and cultural and recreational values," said Achim Steiner, UN Under-Secretary-General and UNEP Executive Director.

"Yet wetlands including water catchment areas are being degraded and lost more rapidly than other ecosystems, largely because their functions are notalways understood by governments or given enough weight in policy decisions," he added. "UNEP is therefore very pleased that Kenya recognizes the value ofits wetlands and their importance in attaining Vision 2030, and that it is implementing a long-term strategy to promote their sustainable management."

The atlas details many of Kenya's wetlands and the specific pressures facing them, including:

Lake Victoria North Basin Wetlands-Located to the north of Lake Victoria, the world's second-largest freshwater lake, these wetlands provides many services including fishing, farming andforestry. However, they face threats from inappropriate land use, mining, conversion of wetlands to agricultural use and unsustainable exploitation ofresources.

For example, about 6,900 hectares in the Yala Swamp, part of the wetlands, have been leased to private companies for intensive agricultural activities,leading to water extraction and the flow of pesticides and fertilizers into the ecosystem.

Rift Valley Basin Wetlands-A 60-kilometre wide internal drainage basin, the Rift Valley hosts some of Kenya's most-iconic lakes, such as Lake Nakuru, Lake Naivasha, LakeElementaita, Lake Baringo and Lake Turkana. Urbanization, increasing demand for resources and other pressures have led to pollution, soil erosion andreduced quantity and quality of water.

For example, Lake Naivasha, designated as a Wetland of International Importance since 1995, has seen reducing water levels due in part to a massiveincrease in flower farms withdrawing water and a 50-fold increase in local population over the last three decades.

Mara River Basin-Shared between Kenya and Tanzania, this transboundary region hosts the Masai Mara and Serengeti national parks, whose wide variety of animals providesvital tourism income to both countries.

The human population of the basin was estimated at 838,701 in 2010, and is clocking in an annual growth rate ofaround three per cent. This growth is likely to outpace the wetland's capacity to provide ecosystem services. Land-use changes are already erodingimportant habitats.

Nairobi River Basin-Many of Nairobi's wetlands have already been lost due to the expansion of the city, drained to create space for shopping malls, buildings, roads, carparks and recreational facilities. Those that have survived are under pressure from subsistence farming, quarrying and dumping. As a result, the numbers ofbirds in and around the city are steadily declining, while virtually all the tributaries of the Nairobi River are polluted.

In order to achieve sustainable management of Kenya's wetlands and water catchment areas, the report calls for the urgent implementation of the threepillars of the Ramsar Convention-a move which would enhance the capacity of wetlands and water catchment areas to support human wellbeing and nationaldevelopment.

Specifically, the Atlas and the Master Plan bring to the fore a series of recommendations under the three pillars, including:

Wise Use

The urgent formulation and passing of a national wetlands policy that would set out broad strategic goals to ensure wise use of wetlands, and thecreation of a statutory wetlands law.

· The development of a comprehensive and technically proficient database on the country's wetlands and wetland resources in order to create a baseline fortracking changes and to draw attention to those wetlands in pressing need of rehabilitation or protection.

· The implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management, a framework for the sustainable development, apportionment and monitoring and waterresources.

Wetlands of International Importance

The designation of new sites, such as the Yala Swamp and Saiwa Swamp, (including the entire littoral zones of Lake Victoria and the coral platform of thecoastal strip of Indian Ocean stretch in Kenya) to boost the monitoring and management of wetlands from the six currently designated.

· The restoration and rehabilitation of degraded wetlands currently unable to perform their ecological functions.

International Cooperation

The replication of existing initiatives fostering regional cooperation of transboundary wetlands to encompass critical wetlands shared by Kenya and itsneighbours. Possible candidates are the Mara River system and Lake Turkana and Lake Jipe.

· Embracing partnerships and collaboration in implementation of international and regional agreements on the sustainable management of Wetlands and Watercatchment areas-a recommendation the Kenyan government has already taken on board.

For further information, please contact:

Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources +254 2730808/9 ps@environment.go.ke

UNEP Newsdesk(Nairobi)+254 723 857 270unepnewsdesk@unep.org

Nick Nuttall, UNEP Director of Communications and Spokesperson

+254 733 632755, +41 795965737

nick.nuttall@unep.org