Naiobi — A novel modelling system relying on simple inputs could help smallholder farmers accurately predict the best time for controlling fall armyworm larval populations to prevent crop damage and yield losses, a study shows.
The models use a combination of field data, plant-pest lifecycle data and earth observations to produce near real time forecasts to help fight the destructive pest, which is estimated to cause annual yield losses in Africa of US$9.4 billion, according to the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), the parent organisation of SciDev.Net.
Since late 2016 when fall armyworm was detected in Africa, it has spread throughout most of the continent, leading to food insecurity among smallholders, the CABI study says. In Ghana and Zambia, maize yield losses from the pest are estimated at around 27 and 35 per cent respectively.
The study, published last month in the journal Crop Protection, built two larval population emergence models from field fall armyworm data from maize in Zambia that were validated using similar data from multiple maize sites in Kenya.
"The models can be adjusted to work with a variety of management strategies and farming systems as the thresholds are not fixed and can be adjusted depending on the situation -- subsistence farming versus cash crop farming," says Alyssa Lowry, the study's lead researcher and data scientist at CABI.
The objective of the study, Lowry explains, was to develop a modelling system that could accurately forecast the development of fall armyworm larval populations in the field and produce actionable outputs to help smallholders better manage the pest and avoid serious crop damage.
"Fall armyworm is a prolific pest that can have a devastating impact on farmers' yield if not properly controlled," says Lowry. "Most of the management strategy currently used for fall armyworm rely heavily on farmers reporting the damage they see but oftentimes once the damage is visible and it is too late to recover crop yields.
Lowry says the models can also easily be applied to other major insect pests of farmer crops in Africa.
"Smallholder farmers need as many weapons in their arsenal for the fight against invasive pests as possible and the fall armyworm models... will hopefully help Africa's national plant health system to include more preventative management strategies rather than mostly reactive measures," she adds.
The models, she explains, can be rolled out to farmers through bulletins that show the number of days to action in the form of a map, supported by a guide to pest management developed by CABI's Plantwise programme. They can also be shared by text message or radio for access by other agricultural service providers.
Plantwise is a global programme that helps protect farmers from crop loss from plant health problems. It works with national agricultural advisory services to establish and support sustainable networks of plant clinics, run by trained plant doctors, where farmers can find practical plant health advice.
Jane Ininda, head of seed research and systems development at the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, says that models that support monitoring, surveillance, crop scouting, time reporting and control interventions remain critical for smallholder farmers to avert any serious damage to crops and pastures.
"These can be further [reinforced] where active networks of stakeholders exist for effective management, including ministries of agriculture, extension systems, and communication agencies such as the media and coordination on the availability and affordability of control interventions," Ininda tells SciDev.Net.
Sign up for free AllAfrica Newsletters
Get the latest in African news delivered straight to your inbox
But Ininda says that because the models are based on larval populations, while control is supposed to be before the larvae are detectable, smallholders could find the models complicated.
"This requires farmer education to understand the relative advantage of using such a system," she explains. "Where farmers depend on material support to control fall armyworm, there should be a need to synchronise with government agencies support with such predictions. The model also needs support of an insurance system."
This piece was produced by SciDev.Net's Sub-Saharan Africa English desk.
