As undergraduates in our day, one of the most cynical commentaries on post-independent Africa was French writer, Rene Dumont's book False Start in Africa (1966).
Those were the years of military coups and counter-coups, mostly in West Africa where Ghana's first president and Pan-African luminary Kwame Nkrumah was deposed in 1966; or Nigeria in the coup of 1966 which subsequently led to the civil war (1967-1970) and its ill-fated Biafra; but also in North Africa when in 1969, the young Colonel Muammar Gaddafi deposed the Libyan monarch, Idris.
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