The phenomenal growth in artificial intelligence tools has made it easy to create a story quickly, complicating a reader's ability to determine if a news source or article is truthful or reliable. For instance, earlier this year, people were sharing an article about the supposed suicide of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's psychiatrist as if it were real. It ended up being an AI-generated rewrite of a satirical piece from 2010.
The problem is widespread. According to a 2021 Pearson Institute/AP-NORC poll, "Ninety-five percent of Americans believe the spread of misinformation is a problem." The Pearson Institute researches methods to reduce global conflicts.
As library scientists, we combat the increase in misinformation by teaching a number of ways to validate the accuracy of an article. These methods include the SIFT Method (Stop, Investigate, Find, Trace), the P.R.O.V.E.N. Source Evaluation method (Purpose, Relevance, Objectivity, Verifiability, Expertise and Newness), and lateral reading.
Lateral reading is a strategy for investigating a source by opening a new browser tab to conduct a search and consult other sources. Lateral reading involves cross-checking the information by researching the source rather than scrolling down the page.
Here are five techniques based on these methods to help readers determine news facts from fiction:
1. Research the author or organization
Search for information beyond the entity's own website. What are others saying about it? Are there any red flags that lead you to question its credibility? Search the entity's name in quotation marks in your browser and look for sources that critically review the organization or group. An organization's "About" page might tell you who is on their board, their mission and their nonprofit status, but this information is typically written to present the organization in a positive light.
The P.R.O.V.E.N. Source Evaluation method includes a section called "Expertise," which recommends that readers check the author's credentials and affiliations. Do the authors have advanced degrees or expertise related to the topic? What else have they written? Who funds the organization and what are their affiliations? Do any of these affiliations reveal a potential conflict of interest? Might their writings be biased in favor of one particular viewpoint?
If any of this information is missing or questionable, you may want to stay away from this author or organization.
2. Use good search techniques
Become familiar with search techniques available in your favorite web browser, such as searching keywords rather than full sentences and limiting searches by domain names, such as .org, .gov, or .edu.
Another good technique is putting two or more words in quotation marks so the search engine finds the words next to each other in that order, such as "Pizzagate conspiracy." This leads to more relevant results.
In an article published in Nature, a team of researchers wrote that "77% of search queries that used the headline or URL of a false/misleading article as a search query return at least one unreliable news link among the top ten results."
A more effective search would be to identify the key concepts in the headline in question and search those individual words as keywords. For example, if the headline is "Video Showing Alien at Miami Mall Sparks Claims of Invasion," readers could search: "Alien invasion" Miami mall.
3. Verify the source
Verify the original sources of the information. Was the information cited, paraphrased or quoted accurately? Can you find the same facts or statements in the original source? Purdue Global, Purdue University's online university for working adults, recommends verifying citations and references that can also apply to news stories by checking that the sources are "easy to find, easy to access, and not outdated." It also recommends checking the original studies or data cited for accuracy.
The SIFT Method echoes this in its recommendation to "trace claims, quotes, and media to the original context." You cannot assume that re-reporting is always accurate.
4. Use fact-checking websites
Search fact-checking websites such as InfluenceWatch.org, Poynter.org, Politifact.com or Snopes.com to verify claims. What conclusions did the fact-checkers reach about the accuracy of the claims?
A Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review article found that the "high level of agreement" between fact-checking sites "enhances the credibility of fact checkers in the eyes of the public."
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5. Pause and reflect
Pause and reflect to see if what you have read has triggered a strong emotional response. An article in the journal Cognitive Research indicates that news items that cause strong emotions increase our tendency "to believe fake news stories."
One online study found that the simple act of "pausing to think" and reflect on whether a headline is true or false may prevent a person from sharing false information. While the study indicated that pausing only decreases intentions to share by a small amount - 0.32 points on a 6-point scale - the authors argue that this could nonetheless cut down on the spread of fake news on social media.
Knowing how to identify and check for misinformation is an important part of being a responsible digital citizen. This skill is all the more important as AI becomes more prevalent.
Tracy Bicknell-Holmes, Library professor, Boise State University
Elaine Watson, Librarian and Associate Professor, Boise State University
Jose Guillermo 'Memo' Cordova Silva, Library associate professor, Boise State University
