Baku — Methane emissions have emerged as a focal point of discussion as global leaders congregate at COP29 in Baku to tackle the escalating climate crisis.
In an exclusive interview with IPS, Roland Kupers, a lead architect at the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) International Methane Emissions Observatory, outlined actionable strategies to curb methane emissions by 2030, the challenges ahead, and the crucial role of international cooperation.
The Methane Problem: Sectoral Challenges and Opportunities
"Methane emissions are not a singular issue but rather a collection of problems spanning five key sectors: oil and gas, coal, waste, rice, and livestock," Kupers said. He adds that each sector requires tailored solutions.
"UNEP has prioritized the oil and gas industry due to its substantial potential for reduction."
"The oil and gas industry could achieve a 75 percent reduction in methane emissions by 2030. It's not only affordable but also feasible, given the industry's access to technology, capital, and expertise," Kupers said, adding that the waste sector also presents significant opportunities, although organizing mitigation measures in this sector poses logistical challenges.
UNEP's approach includes creating detailed programs to address emissions in high-impact industries like oil, gas, and steel.
"Methane emissions account for a third of the climate footprint of steel production, yet they can be eliminated at a cost of less than 1% of steel's production price."
Data: A Cornerstone for Action
Kupers also underlined the critical role of accurate data in driving methane mitigation efforts.
"Data is essential for human agency. Without precise, measurement-based data, it's impossible to identify and address the specific sources of emissions effectively."
According to him, many existing datasets rely on emission factors derived from outdated studies. UNEP advocates transitioning to real-time, site-specific measurements to better target interventions.
"When you gather accurate data, you often find emissions in unexpected places, stressing the need for precise monitoring."
Systemic Shifts in the Energy Sector
To align with the 2030 climate goals, Kupers argues for a fundamental transformation of the global energy system.
"While mitigating methane emissions is crucial, it's not a substitute for decarbonization. The ultimate objective must be to eliminate fossil fuels entirely."
He also highlighted the health benefits of reducing methane emissions.
"Methane, both directly and through incomplete combustion, contributes to significant local health hazards."
The Financial Perspective
While climate discussions often center around the financial challenges of adaptation and mitigation, Kupers believes that addressing methane emissions, particularly in the oil and gas sector, is not a financial burden.
"The oil and gas industry is highly profitable and well-resourced. It has no excuse for not addressing its methane emissions," Kupers said, adding that even oil and gas operations in developing countries operate in highly sophisticated, well-funded environments.
Responsibilities of Developed Nations
The methane issue differs from broader climate equity debates, Kupers explained.
"For methane emissions in oil and gas, the responsibility to act is universal. Whether in Nigeria, Argentina, or Indonesia, the industry operates with the same high standards and capabilities as in developed countries."
This universality makes methane mitigation a "climate good news story," as it bypasses some of the equity challenges seen in broader decarbonization debates.
Barriers to Progress
Despite decades of climate discussions, significant hurdles remain in addressing global warming. He attributes the slow progress to a lack of prioritization and awareness about methane's role.
"Methane has only recently gained prominence on the global agenda. The science highlighting its importance has emerged in the past decade," Kupers said. Policymakers are often unaware of methane's substantial climate footprint or the cost-effective solutions available.
Key COP-29 Objectives
"UNEP has established ambitious goals for methane mitigation. The Oil and Gas Methane Partnership (OGMP 2.0), a UNEP-led initiative, currently includes companies responsible for 42 percent of global oil and gas production. Kupers urged more companies to join, with the aim of achieving 80 percent participation," Kupers said.
Sign up for free AllAfrica Newsletters
Get the latest in African news delivered straight to your inbox
Another critical initiative is the Methane Alert and Response System (MARS), which integrates data from a dozen satellites to identify significant emission sources. UNEP then notifies governments and companies of these emissions.
"Over the past year, we've sent 1,200 notifications to governments, but the response rate has been dismal--just 1 percent," Kupers said, a disappointing lack of engagement that points to the need for stronger accountability measures at COP29.
The Stakes: Why Methane Matters
Human-induced methane emissions are responsible for a third of the current warming. Unlike CO2, which is often a byproduct of energy use, methane emissions are largely waste streams. This makes them easier to address and a critical opportunity for climate action.
"Methane mitigation is not just an environmental necessity but a low-hanging fruit. It's a solvable problem, and we must seize this opportunity," Kupers said.
