In Madagascar, only one in three people has access to proper toilets. But in the country's southern fishing villages, a quiet revolution is taking place as communities swap riverbanks for latrines - tackling deep-rooted habits and health risks tied to poor sanitation.
In the coastal commune of Saint-Augustin, dozens of makeshift toilet blocks have sprung up near family homes, marking a significant shift in local practices. One such structure, shared between three households, serves 17 people.
"After using them, we must throw ashes in the hole to avoid odours. And when that's done, we close it with the lid," said Linah, a local mother, demonstrating the new routine.
For her, this change means no more 15-minute walks to the river mouth.
"We people here have always defecated in the open. It's cultural. But they explained to us that it causes diseases when we do that. So two months ago, we decided to change. We pooled our money together. Who built this? We did!" she said.
This enthusiasm signals a fresh approach to tackling Madagascar's sanitation crisis.
The latest demographic and health survey, conducted in 2021, shows that just one-third of Madagascar's population has access to basic sanitation facilities - but communities are increasingly taking matters into their own hands.
Rather than providing ready-made solutions, a Unicef-funded programme launched in 2022 has put communities in charge of building their own facilities.
Building ownership
"Our approach is that we don't want to build toilets for people. We don't donate them either," said Jean-Claude Vorimasy, director of awareness activities at the NGO Sahi in the Atsimo-Andrefana region. "We realised that if communities didn't pay anything, they wouldn't get involved and would quickly return to their old practices."
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"Our technique is to convince them they have the capacity to change and build themselves. We explain how to dig the pit, construct the slab with local materials. And they do everything themselves," he explained.
While the NGO has reported success with this system in other regions, the long-term impact in the Grand South remains to be seen. However, Linah is already planning ahead, saying she will definitely build new toilets once the current pit is full.
Wider challenge
However, this is a challenge that extends far beyond Madagascar's borders. Globally, one in three people lacks access to proper toilets and has to resort to open defecation - which not only promotes the spread of diarrhoeal diseases and infectious illnesses but also poses significant safety risks, particularly for women and girls.
Madagascar has committed to eliminating open defecation by 2030. The success of community-led initiatives suggests that engaging local populations in both the construction and maintenance of sanitation facilities could be the key to achieving this ambitious goal.
In villages such as Saint-Augustin, where new wooden structures now dot the landscape, change is quite literally taking shape from the ground up.
This story was adapted from the orginal article reported in French by RFI correspondent Sarah Tétaud.
