Some experts argued that rather than the president constituting committees and bodies with similar functions and roles, strengthening the NCCC with the statutory mandate to perform its roles/functions would be much better and cost-effective.
On 19 May, following the establishment of the Presidential Committee on Climate Action and Green Economic Solutions, President Bola Tinubu appointed his spokesman, Ajuri Ngelale, as the Special Presidential Envoy on Climate Action (SPEC).
The president equally empowered the SPEC office to be the country's lead negotiator on climate-related matters, the lead negotiator on the carbon market and management initiatives, the supervising interface between the Secretariat of the National Council on Climate Change(NCCC) and the NCCC Supervising Council and to also serve as the coordinator of all climate action-related activities in ministries, departments, agencies, legislative, and subnational entities.
Other responsibilities assigned to the newly constituted office include serving as the foca
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings, and other related international meetings on climate-related and green economic matters.While the presidential committee is expected to coordinate and oversee the country's policies and programmes on climate action and green economic development locally and internationally, the assigned tasks overlap and conflict with the country's existing Climate Change Act provisions. The law was put in place in 2021 by Mr Tinubu's predecessor, Muhammadu Buhari.
Section 3(1) of the Act establishes Nigeria's Climate Change Council (NCCC). It bestows the NCCC with the power to formulate policies and make decisions on all climate change matters in Nigeria.
A PREMIUM TIMES review of Nigeria's Climate Change Act indicates that President Tinubu's directive allows the SPEC to hijack the responsibilities of the country's NCCC director-general as enshrined in the 2021 Climate Change Act.
Mr Tinubu also approved the appointment of Nkiruka Maduekwe as the Director-General/Chief Executive Officer of the NCCC in an interim capacity, pending the confirmation of her appointment by the NCCC Supervisory Council.
Ms Maduekwe's appointment, although yet to be ratified, came less than two weeks after Salisu Dahiru, the sacked director general of the NCCC, and his team were tasked to represent Nigeria at the United Nations Bonn Climate Change Conference SB 60, billed for 3-13 June in Germany.
By implication, Mr Dahiru, who was the NCCC pioneer DG appointed by Mr Tinubu's predecessor and who would have completed two years in office by July, would be unable to serve his four-year tenure as stipulated by the Act.
Debates
The recent appointments and directives made by the president on climate matters have sparked debates among climate change experts who questioned the rationale behind the president's decision at a time when the country requires individuals with deep knowledge and wide experience around climate negotiations to represent the country at the global stage to achieve green growth and sustainable development in the country.
Some experts who spoke with PREMIUM TIMES argued that rather than the president constituting committees and bodies with similar functions and roles, strengthening the NCCC with the statutory mandate to perform its roles/functions would be much better and cost-effective.
Others expressed concerns about Mr Ngelale's experience and capacity to lead Nigeria's climate negotiations and deliver on the country's climate change target as enshrined in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) document submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Nigeria's Climate Change Act
During the 26th edition of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) held in Glasgow (Scotland) in 2021, former President Muhammadu Buhari announced a 2060 net-zero emissions target.
Barely a week after the conference, Mr Buhari signed the Climate Change Act 2021 into law. It was ratified and passed by the National Assembly in October 2021.
The Act provides a legal framework for achieving low Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and mainstreaming climate change actions into national plans and programmes.
Apart from the establishment of the NCCC which has the power to make policies and decisions on all matters relating to climate change in Nigeria, the act also provides that the NCCC will collaborate with the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) to develop a mechanism for "carbon tax and carbon trading" in Nigeria.
The proceeds from these, among other funds, will be used to fund the Climate Change Fund proposed by the Act.
Some of the council's powers, provided in section 4 of the Act, include coordinating the implementation of sectoral targets and guidelines for regulating GHG emissions and other causes of climate change, approving and overseeing the implementation of the Action Plan and administering the Climate Change Fund established under the Act.
Others are mainstreaming climate change into national development plans and programmes, formulating policies and programmes for climate change planning, research, monitoring, and development, creating guidelines for assessing climate change vulnerability and adaptation and facilitating technical assistance for their implementation.
The act also mandates the NCCC to recommend legislative, policy, appropriation, and other measures for climate change adaptation, mitigation, and related activities.
Meanwhile, section 5(1) of the Act details the council's membership, which includes the President (Chairman), Vice President (Vice Chairman), Director-General of the National Council on Climate Change (who shall be the Secretary), Ministers responsible for various sectors such as Environment, Petroleum Resources, Budget and National Planning, Justice, Mines and Steel Development, Finance, Agriculture and Rural Development, Power, Women Affairs, Transportation, Water Resources, and the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria etc.
However, members of the recently constituted Presidential Committee on Climate Action and Green Economic Solutions differ from the NCCC. The committee members include both statutory members of the NCCC and non-statutory members.
Nevertheless, the committee's mandates overlap and conflict with the council's functions. For instance, under section 4(j) of the Act, the council is empowered to collaborate with relevant ministries to develop and implement a carbon emission trading mechanism.
Similarly, the Presidential Committee is tasked with identifying, developing, and implementing innovative non-oil & non-gas climate action initiatives and collaborating with national governments and multilateral institutions to achieve the government's climate action objectives and carbon market ambitions.
Legal insights
This overlap raises legal and moral questions about the necessity of the Presidential Committee when the NCCC's statutory existence already covers these areas, argued Kazeem Oyinwola, an Abuja-based legal practitioner at Amofin Solicitors.
"If a 25-member Presidential Committee with similar mandates exists, what justifies the existence of the NCCC? What responsibilities remain for the NCCC?" Mr Oyinwola queried.
He also questioned the rationale behind the exclusion of the newly appointed NCCC Director General, Ms Madueke, from the newly constituted presidential committee. Instead, Mr Ngelale, the presidential spokesperson, is the secretary of the committee, and Salisu Dahiru, the recently removed DG of the NCCC, is a member.
"The terms of reference issued by the president have not helped matters either," Mr Oyinwola said, as he questioned why the special presidential envoy is empowered to be the lead negotiator on carbon market initiatives and supervise the interface between the NCCC Secretariat and the NCCC Supervising Council, chaired by the president.
This, he said, raises questions about the legal basis of the president's terms of reference for the presidential committee when the Act empowers the NCCC to formulate policies and "make decisions on all climate change matters in Nigeria."
"Needless to say, one of the Act's objectives is to facilitate the coordination of climate change action to achieve long-term climate goals," he added.
Additionally, Mr Oyinwola said the special presidential envoy's role includes being the lead interface on engagement with the Central Bank of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Finance, Federal Ministry of Power, Federal Ministry of Environment, and other critical institutions concerning the administration and coordination of climate-related donor finance, renewable energy finance, and green industrial growth management.
"These ministries are statutory members of the NCCC. So, what is the legal basis for a non-member of the NCCC to be the lead interface on engagement with the statutory members of the NCCC? What law empowers the president in that regard?" the lawyer argued.
Mr Oyinwola stated that the council is empowered under sections 4(a), (b), and (c) to coordinate the implementation of sectoral targets and guidelines for regulating GHG emissions, approve and oversee the implementation of the Action Plan, and administer the Climate Change Fund established under the Act.
Meanwhile, the special presidential envoy's terms of reference include being "the focal-point authority on all non-executive activities related to the operations of the NCCC, with delegated authority to oversee the activities and operations of the NCCC secretariat for frequent reporting to the President between meetings of the NCCC Supervisory Council."
This, Mr Oyinwola said, suggests a special envoy would oversee a statutory body, "and what is now the role of the supervising council and what other responsibilities are left for the Director General of the Council to be doing?"
"Wouldn't this lead to potential regulatory conflicts?," he said, adding that the overlapping mandates and powers of the special envoy and the Presidential Committee with those of the NCCC raise serious legal issues.
Aside from these, Mr Oyinwola said the president's move does not seem to be cost-effective, especially during an economic downturn when Nigeria should be reducing the cost of governance.
"To say there is a serious need for clarity and a clearly delineated line of demarcation in the roles and functions of the NCCC, the Director General, the Presidential Committee on Climate Change, and the special presidential envoy is an understatement," he noted.
He emphasised that the roles and functions of the NCCC and its Director General are spelt out in the Climate Change Act and that the creation of the presidential committee on climate change and the terms of reference of the special envoy issued by the president create overlaps and potential conflict.
Mr Oyinwola argued that while an Act of the National Assembly supports the NCCC, the presidential committee seems to be a political decision, a creation of the executive with potential conflict and violation of the Climate Change Act 2021.
"Rather than the avoidable proliferation of committees and bodies with similar functions and roles, strengthening the existing bodies with the statutory mandate to perform the roles/functions is better and more cost-effective," he said.
Climate experts react
Speaking on the recent climate-related appointments/mandates by the president, Nnimmo Bassey, director of the Health of Mother Earth Foundation (HOMEF), who has over a decade experience in COP negotiations, said "what is unfolding from the Presidency is very disturbing."
"It seems the government is seeing climate change as an avenue for transactional activities for private sector speculators," Mr Bassey said.
He added that naming a presidential envoy and setting up a committee with such wide ranging powers shreds extant structures or renders them as lame ducks.
Sign up for free AllAfrica Newsletters
Get the latest in African news delivered straight to your inbox
"It doesn't seem as if there is a deep understanding that climate diplomacy or leadership requires experience and is not a ceremonial thing," the environmentalist noted.
Regarding climate negotiations, Mr Bassey said the government cannot ignore the fact that a negotiator "must be hands-on during such moments as the climate COPs and the chief negotiator must be on hand at all times".
"COPs are not project-seeking arenas or ones for signing MoUs as we often see," he added, saying Nigeria cannot suddenly wake up with a structure that, to all intent and purpose, turns both the National Climate Change Commission and the Ministry of Environment into mere appendages.
"It appears the government wishes to dive into transactions in the name of climate change action. We see this both in the so-called green economics slant and the Evergreen industrial idea," Mr Bassey told PREMIUM TIMES in an interview.
"Green and Blue economics are both platforms for the marketisation of environmental action. They are avenues for climate fiction and a bed for false climate solutions like carbon trading and so-called nature-based solutions," the environmentalist said.
However, he said, naming a commercial entity to lead and make decisions on the proposed green industrial zone is very disturbing as that may eclipse the controls that should lie in related agencies.
"Who would approve project designs and environmental impact assessments, for instance? Who checks that standards are adhered to? Is this a way of privatising governance?" he added.
Mr Bassey said the government is signalling a plan to treat climate change as an avenue to seek grants, promote financial speculation, and put people at greater risk.
On his part, Sulaimon Arigbabu, HEDA Resource Centre's executive secretary, described the president's appointment and the enormous powers and responsibilities being invested in the office of a special envoy on climate change as "worrisome" in many regards.
He said the move is a disruption of the little semblance of structure in Nigeria's climate governance regime after many years of advocacy and clamour.
"The powers being vested in the Special Envoy simply erodes the NCCC. We had expected that the president would consolidate and give life to the NCCC to be the country's clearing house on climate policies and governance, but this is not the case," he added.
Equally, Mr Arigbabu said the special envoy's appointment and stated roles cause confusion in the polity for all stakeholders within and outside Nigeria.
"Our friends and the international community are unsure of what path we seem to be charting in climate governance," the environmentalist said.
Mr Arigbabu described Mr Ngelale as an admirable government spokesperson. However, he said, Mr Ngelale's interest, competence, and track record on climate change issues are not known and are possibly very low, even if they exist.
