"NNPC has allocated over 35 cargoes of crude to the Dangote refinery. Dangote has received about 23, rejected two based on pricing, and is currently negotiating pricing on at least nine cargoes. The Dangote refinery has received a discount of close to $1 per barrel, saving up to $30m. What else does he want? Is he selling cheaper to Nigerians? The answer is no. He wants to underprice the crude and overprice the product."
With President Bola Tinubu's directive to the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPCL) to sell the crude meant for local consumption to Dangote Refinery and other local refineries in naira, a lawyer and energy consultant, Liborous Oshoma, said Dangote Refinery, too, should sell fuel to depot owners and other marketers in local currency to ease forex pressure. He also advised all stakeholders on how to manage the interests in the sector for the benefit of Nigerians.
PT: There has been a series of controversies about the Dangote refinery and its operations. What really are the issues and how best could they be resolved?
Oshoma: I think what is playing out here is like two friends quarrelling over a pot of soup. You have a government that has been overly protective of Dangote but now feels he should play by the books, and then the man feels the government does not want to protect his $20 billion investment in a country where others are stealing and taking the money away.
Well, I believe that every government should protect its local industries. However, at the same time, those industries should not be overly protected to the detriment of the smaller players. If the government is waking up now, kudos to them. We don't want to create a monopoly. The government is not saying that they don't want to protect Dangote, but they are saying that the terms of business should not be the ones that create a monopoly.
I had the chance to weigh the two and asked why the government was saying Dangote was creating a monopoly. In my research as a consultant to the energy sector, I know that no government would ever put its energy security in the hands of one man or company. They try to create a balance. Unfortunately, Nigerian society is one with a herd mentality, where we like to support any person we feel is being deprived by the government because the government has consistently punished us. The same people abused Dangote months ago when a former CBN Governor, Godwin Emefiele, was arrested, but today, the tables have turned; the same Dangote is the darling of the people now. The people feel the regulators want to kill a local investment like Dangote Refinery.
The government has said it doesn't want to kill it. What it wants to do is to ensure that the same way we have Dangote, it also wants to have other people who have invested trillions of naira in the downstream sector, like members of the Depot and Petroleum Products Marketers Association of Nigeria and IPMAN. These are distributors, marketers, and depot owners, and they should also survive alongside Dangote. If you put all of them under Dangote, that means you are putting your energy security in the hands of one man. What if the man wakes up one day and says I don't have to give?
But the depot owners and the marketers said they are ready to buy fuel from Dangote...
(Cuts in) So, what's stopping them from buying from him? Is it the federal government that is dictating to them to stop buying from Dangote? No! In June, for example, they (depot owners) met with Dangote, saying that buying products from Dangote Refinery would be cheaper, but the business model has to be competitive. They requested that the price disparity be favourable because it would be cheaper than the imported product. They talked about trucking or using vessels, and then they talked about foreign exchange. If you're selling diesel in Nigeria, they have to buy it in Naira; after all, they buy from the NNPC in Naira.
All of these issues were discussed, and Dangote agreed. But in the long run, it became business as usual; they had to source for forex if they wanted to buy diesel from Dangote. The issue of having to truck the product is there. For somebody with a depot in Calabar, for example, how do you expect that person to truck 15,000 metric tonnes of fuel with about 606 trucks? This is something a small vessel can carry at once and take through the sea almost at next to nothing. Where are the roads that these 606 trucks will pass through? So, these are the challenges that the depot owners have raised, which led to this crisis.
They complained because the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority had stopped everybody from importing, saying they should go to Dangote. It was the complaint of DAPPMAN through which they raised these challenges that led to the cancellation of that instruction. If Dangote's product is competitive, marketers will naturally gravitate towards Dangote, and Nigeria will be better off. But if the regulator says everybody should queue behind Dangote, what you're doing is you're also frustrating other people's investments. You are enhancing Dangote's business to the detriment of the depot owners.
Have you heard that Dangote is investing in pipelines?
I am not aware that Dangote is building pipelines. The question is, what is Dangote's investment in pipelines before the refinery? How do you build a 650,000 barrels per day refinery without considering where you will get your crude from? Dangote uses VLCC (a very large crude carrier) to carry crude to his refinery. These are what commodity traders also use. Go and check, the world over, if you build a refinery, you should be able to pipe crude to the refinery; not just piping crude, you should also be able to pipe out refined products. How come today, the people building refineries in Nigeria do not have a facility for piping?
In Dangote's case, you have to carry the crude oil from the Niger Delta through the vessels because there are no pipelines. There are no pipelines to take out the products. So, what you have is everybody will come and truck. Dangote Refinery has a gantry that can load 3,000 trucks per day, which ordinarily should accommodate our national daily consumption. But the challenge for this national consumption is, how will you take 3,000 trucks daily? Who fixes the roads? If you fix the road to the refinery, will you fix the one to Calabar, Abuja or Port Harcourt? The essence of this is to allow both the big and small players to play.
Are you echoing the views of the NMDPRA that Dangote wants to turn himself into a monopolist?
I am not a regulator, but if the NMDPRA said Dangote wants to turn himself into a monopolist, we should find out why they are saying so. How would it have been possible without the connivance of the NMDPRA? The regulator said Dangote is requesting the 450,000 crude oil available for local consumption and that he also wants to stop the issuance of import licences to depot owners. However, the regulator said that if it stopped issuing licences, it would naturally eliminate market competition, which means the marketers wouldn't have an alternative. So, they will be tied to the terms and conditions of Dangote.
If they have an alternative to import, they will negotiate with Dangote from a position of strength, not weakness. That's why the regulator says we don't want you to turn to a monopolist. I truly believe that no regulator should allow a player to become a monopolist, especially in the energy sector. However, on the idea of whether it's 45 per cent complete, I don't agree with the regulator on that.
Does it mean Farouk Ahmed, the CEO of NMDPRA, did not put things in proper perspective for people to understand?
The problem is that most of these people (in the regulatory agencies) do not explain. They just say these things and assume that the people they are talking to understand everything, but not everybody understands. The ordinary man on the street is hungry and angry with the government because industries are leaving Nigeria, and prices are high as subsidies are being paid; so, for that, anything against the government is fine. So, he probably didn't explain it this way.
However, I do not believe or agree that the Dangote Refinery is only 45 per cent complete because if it is so, it will not be producing AGO. It might not be 100 per cent complete, but it is certainly above 45 per cent complete. If the government says it has not been licensed, that's not true. He has a licence for test runs. If you say he has no licence, why is he refining and selling products? And you are even giving him crude; that would be a major laxity on the part of the NMDPRA.
All of this crisis is happening because we don't have enough crude oil, and our refineries are not working. If our refineries were working, nobody would say everybody should buy products from one source.
Why is there not enough crude oil despite Nigeria's huge reserves, and why can't the government give it to Dangote?
Remember the $3.3bn loan that we took from AFREXIM Bank? 90,000 barrels per day were tied to it. Mind you, we lie to ourselves; NNPC said oil production had increased to 1.7mbpd, and some said we are hovering between 1.2mbpd and 1.3mbpd. But in actual sense, if you do your research, we are likely hovering between 700bpd and 800bpd or maybe 1mbpd.
As for the international oil companies, there is a sharing formula. So, you cannot compel them to sell their share of the oil. From the government share, after deducting the one meant for local consumption, whatever is left is where the government sources the forex from.
So, if you now put the one meant for local consumption in the hands of Dangote refinery that is in a free trade zone, can you compel him to sell to the locals? Can you also control his price? What if he says his cost of production is higher than the government's price? Are we not going to end up paying a subsidy to one man?
But marketers already said the landing cost of petrol is now N1,117 per litre.
Yes, we are still paying subsidies; nobody should be deceived.
How do you now think Dangote should sell below the cost of production?
I'm not talking about PMS now; we're talking about diesel. Dangote is producing in Nigeria, yet he's not selling to the marketers in naira; he's selling to them in dollars. I have spoken to some of them; apart from a very few buying in naira, others will have to source for forex. That is one of the points of disagreement between Dangote and DAPPMAN. Another area of disagreement is the costs of selling for exports and the cost of selling for local companies. These are the disparities.
The NMDPRA boss mentioned that the products from Dangote refineries are substandard. Could you provide more details on this?
The NMDPRA is the regulator and has officials who collect daily data samples, maintain records, and conduct laboratory tests. Since the deregulation of AGO, NNPC has not imported diesel. The NMDPRA is mandated to certify the quality of any product from any refinery in the country, whether private, public and even refineries owned by the NNPC.
How do you react to allegations that the NNPC is trying to stifle competition in the refining sector?
This statement is laughable, or at best, ridiculous. How can the NNPC stifle any competitor in the refining business or any other sector when it is the major advocate for the revamp of local refining? While NNPC was rehabilitating its refineries in Port Harcourt, Warri, and Kaduna, it made a deliberate commercial decision to invest in the Dangote Refinery. The same people who criticised NNPC's decision at the time are now supporting Dangote. NNPC borrowed $1billion and paid directly to Dangote Refinery.
We can reliably confirm that NNPC has allocated over 35 cargoes of crude to the Dangote Refinery. Dangote has received about 23, rejected two based on pricing, and is currently negotiating pricing on at least nine cargoes. The Dangote Refinery has received a discount of close to $1 per barrel, saving up to $30m in discounts. What else does he want? Is he selling cheaper to Nigerians? The answer is no. He wants to under-price the crude and over-price the product.
What, in your view, is the NNPC doing to get other players into the field rather than depending on import?
Like I know, the NNPC has entered into several partnerships with private companies to enhance in-country refining. One of such partnership is its stake in the Dangote Refinery. It has also signed a contract with African Refinery Port Harcourt Limited to build a 100,000 barrels per day refinery within the Port Harcourt Refinery and Petrochemical Complex in Rivers State. There are several other agreements with other private and modular refineries. Once these partnerships materialise, we are confident that Nigeria will become a net exporter of petroleum products.
Do you think Dangote should meet with these depot owners and marketers as a way to end this crisis?
Yes, because before the war, there was a table, and after the war, there will always be a table. So, I think for it to be a win-win situation for all of them, some people should come down from their high horses. It is going to be a win for Dangote because whether you like it or not, he will soon start producing PMS and the refinery has the world as a market. It will be detrimental to him to start fighting his local regulators now, and that will give the international companies an edge. But if he sits down with his local distributors, marketers and the local regulators and if he fine-tunes his business model and there is a meeting point, it will be good for all.
Dangote should consistently engage depot owners and marketers. He should touch up his business model. He should give concessions to some of them to buy in naira. And then, this idea of everybody trucking can't work. Some people will have to use smaller vessels. He will have to make allowances for all of that. And this idea of saying that everybody should import is not going to work also.
With the magnitude of investment put in place by Dangote, do we need to continue to import fuel?
Let me tell you, with the magnitude of investment put in place, if he has crude to run the refinery at 100 per cent capacity, there will be a market for it. And if the price is right, people will naturally gravitate to him. You won't force people to go do it. As a trader, for example, you buy from where it's cheap and comfortable for you so that you can also make money. But in a situation where you force everybody to go to Dangote because the investment is huge, and then you get there, you create another set of middlemen who sell at higher prices, that will not be good.
Although I salute Dangote's business ambitions, for a 650,000 barrels per day refinery in a Lagos environment where you do not have crude oil, there are no pipelines to run crude to that refinery, it is ambitious. And then, if you're going to get crude to run the refinery, you don't force people. It has to be a give-and-take.
From what I gathered, the government said it had supplied Dangote with about 36 cargoes of crude oil. We are discussing energy in Nigeria; we're not discussing it at the surface level. This is information you can fact-check and verify. The allegation is that the cost of sale to Dangote is at a discount because the government also wants to encourage him. So, what I expect Dangote to do is to tailor his business model to adapt it to the local environment, and gradually, it will begin to gravitate, and before you know it, he will control the market in West Africa. Once you start to control the market, the monopoly that they are accusing you of, you end up in it, but it has to be a gradual process. You can't flog and browbeat everybody into supporting and buying or selling to you at the price that you will determine, which is what the IOCs are saying that their price must be at their terms.
People feel the Nigerian government does not want an end to fuel importation. What is your view?
If the government did not want an end to fuel importation, the federal government would not have supported the Dangote Refinery in the first place. It's a notorious fact that the federal government even invested in it. My problem is, why will the government invest N1.7bn in a private refinery when the government refinery is not working?
So, another question is, who is making the government refinery not to work? If you search very well, they are the people who would benefit if the refinery is not working; I don't want to call names. I like this fight between Dangote and the federal government because the romance is over, and a lot of things said in the bedroom where our commonwealth was used for dinner and lunch will be revealed. So, the first step should be that the government needs to conduct a forensic audit of Dangote, NNPC and CBN transactions. It is when we start this, that names will come up, and Nigerians will know the truth.
What is the way out of this?
The thing is, every country protects their indigenous investors. They will create laws to protect them, no matter how big or small. So, you can't protect the big ones to the detriment of the small ones. The way out of this is for the government to protect Dangote, the depot owners and the marketers. There should be an agreement to agree and an agreement to disagree. People should be ready to give concessions. If the market is not competitive, there should be a window for importation, but if the market is competitive, even if that window for importation is there, people would rather go buy locally because it will save costs. So, let's leave that window until the market is ripe.
You don't just start a refinery and then immediately ask the entire country to shut down and face you. It is not done. The way out of this is to let everybody shift their grounds and let the regulator be firm. If they have been giving concessions before now to one man, let them extend the concessions to everybody.
Some are of the opinion that President Bola Tinubu might be fighting Dangote through a proxy because he did not support him during the 2023 election. Do you believe this?
Why will Tinubu be fighting Dangote? Why will a president who wants investment be fighting a businessman? If he is fighting Dangote, will he instruct NNPCL to sell crude meant for local consumption to Dangote and other local refineries?
But I would agree that there probably were concessions that may have been given previously that may no longer be available. And so, if the concessions are no longer available, we need to look deeper. Are they saying that those concessions will just be taken off, or that the government is saying, let the concessions be equitably distributed? And what would the government mean by equitable distribution of concessions? We can stop importation, but the trillions of naira investments in the downstream sector by depot owners should not automatically be allowed to collapse. 90 per cent of the depot owners, who are also Nigerians, should also be properly utilised using a business model that allows distribution of products through various means, like vessels and pipelines, apart from just trucking. Otherwise, those investments would go to waste, and it would also have a ripple effect on the banks.
Sign up for free AllAfrica Newsletters
Get the latest in African news delivered straight to your inbox
So, what a government does is to ensure that it protects every stakeholder in the value chain across the board. Dangote will get protection just like the President has ordered that crude should be given to the refinery, but at the same time, the depot owners should also be protected. They should be allowed to source products from wherever. So, it is like saying that because the government is trying to ensure the survival of small and medium-scale enterprises, it is fighting the big companies. I don't think so. It is here that we read politics into everything.
What will you say about the allegation of high sulphur content in Dangote products?
The Nigerian crude is sweet crude. The sulphur content is very minimal. Also, the West African regulation on sulphur content is 50 ppm. We know that regulations in Nigeria are observed in breach. So, for most of these regulations, we have not been able to strictly enforce it. Therefore, for a refinery that is test-running, there is the likelihood that you are going to have fluctuations in sulphur content. And so, if the sulphur content is high, what the regulators simply need to do is to sit down in-house with Dangote and find a way to ensure that t his thing is regulated to be in compliance with the barest minimum allowed. But to go public and say the product is a bad product is not good; it's a way of demarketing Dangote, and I do not encourage it because, no matter how you look at it, it is our own. We must find a way to protect our own, no matter the quarrel.
There are certain words that regulators should not use publicly. You can invite Dangote and say these are our observations, and we need them corrected, but to say it in public means demarketing. That's why a lot of people are angry. Even if that is the case, it shouldn't be said in public at all. If that is so and you are allowing the product outside, that is a failure on the part of the regulator. I think that the regulator should do better than that.
Dangote accused the IOCs of frustrating his refinery. Do you agree?
The crude legally belongs to the IOCs. It is based on the profit-sharing arrangement between them and the government through joint ventures. So, whatever they produce, the government cannot force them to sell to Dangote. Even though there are price benchmarks, the government cannot force the IOCs to sell. The fact that the government is also selling at a particular price does not mean that the IOCs will sell at that price.
But there is a domestic crude supply obligation that gives priority to local refineries...
Yes, but the domestic supply obligation does not mean that you should sell it at a giveaway price or below the cost price.
Local refiners said the IOCs now refer them to their foreign trading agents, who serve as middlemen...
Is the Dangote refinery not using a trading agent? Is he not selling AGO through MRS? Is that not a middleman? In the same vein, these IOCs also have trading agents or companies that are making trillions of dollars. This problem we are having is because the crude is not enough. Saudi Aramco is making up to 10mbpd. We are struggling with one million, that's why there are complaints. If we have enough crude, there will be no need for all of these long stories.
What is your advice generally?
Whatever goes up must come down. Parties should sheath their sword. The government should also find a way of meeting both parties at a middle ground or parties should meet and agree on the ways to move forward in the interest of their businesses. Dangote should also have it at the back of his mind that he has pumped money into that business, and at the end of the day, head or tail, win or lose, he would be the better for it.
There are some things you won't tolerate as a businessman, but you should take them now because you have an investment on the ground. The Federal Government should have it at the back of its mind that Dangote is a big businessman here. So, in protecting him and while ensuring a level playing ground for all parties, they should also give him some little form of concessions. You can't give him the same terms they are giving to the depot owners. The regulator should also stand firm and should not throw caution into the wind, which is what they're presently doing. It shouldn't be so.
