Tundu Lissu has become the face of opposition in Tanzania following his defiant and unrelenting criticism of the government. Since he came into the national limelight in 1995 when running for a parliamentary seat, Lissu has been a champion of democracy and human rights. He has taken on the ruling elite, exposing corruption and demanding accountability. This almost cost him his life in 2017.
In September 2024, new evidence presented at a London tribunal revealed that the telecommunications company Tigo had shared Lissu's mobile phone data - including his location - with the Tanzanian government. The implication was that the company was assisting the government in its harassment of the politician. Tigo's owners have distanced themselves from these reports.
The revelations coincided with a resurgence in government crackdowns on opposition figures.
In the most recent developments, leaders of the country's main opposition party Chadema (Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) - including Lissu, who is the party's vice-chairperson, and chairman Freeman Mbowe - were arrested in September 2024. This followed their attempt to organise mass protests, which were foiled by the police. The protests had been organised to demand government accountability after the killing of a senior Chadema official and the disappearance of other party members believed to have been abducted by state operatives.
I have studied Tanzania's political party dynamics for a decade and interviewed Lissu as part of my PhD research on the country's democracy. Lissu's persistence in tackling democratic backsliding in Tanzania has made him a formidable force, challenging the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi party.
Lissu spent about three years in exile in Belgium after the 2017 shooting. He staged a comeback as a presidential candidate in the 2020 elections. He lost to John Magufuli in a poll marred by violence and allegations of rigging.
There have been changes in the country since Magufuli's death in March 2021 and a string of political reforms under President Samia Suluhu. This has created the space for Lissu and his party Chadema to establish an opposition that now threatens the ruling party's six-decade hold on power. Presidential elections are due to be held in 2025.
So who is Lissu? What's his history and how did he became involved in politics?
Early years
Lissu's political activism began during his university years in the early 1990s. This marked the start of a career that would later shape Tanzania's political landscape. Lissu studied law at the University of Dar es Salaam before going to the UK for a master's degree in law.
His first foray into national politics came in 1995, when he vied for a parliamentary seat. He was 27. The election was Tanzania's first under a multiparty system. It introduced Lissu to the arena of opposition politics following his defeat.
A year later, Lissu was one of the lead investigative lawyers for a public interest environmental law organisation investigating abuses and irregularities at a World Bank-backed gold mine in northern Tanzania. His early work focused on environmental and human rights.
Lissu and his colleague Rugemeleza Nshala were investigating the killing of 62 small-scale miners and the evictions of thousands at the mine in 1996. They were charged with sedition over these investigations. The government eventually stopped following up on the case.
Lissu thereafter worked on community land rights at the World Resources Institute, a global organisation focusing on policy research.
Parliamentary years
In 2010, Lissu won the parliamentary seat for Singida East under the opposition party Chadema. As a first-term member of parliament, he gained prominence by exposing significant state corruption scandals, particularly in the energy sector.
Lissu and other Chadema opposition figures became a formidable force, openly naming corrupt government officials and exposing grand theft.
They also began making calls for constitutional reform. These were aimed at addressing excessive presidential powers and the power imbalances of the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar. This push culminated in then president Jakaya Kikwete initiating a constitutional review process in 2010.
Lissu's legal acumen played out in the constituent assembly, the body convened to deliberate on constitutional reforms. However, the assembly, dominated by members of the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi, rejected many of the key provisions of the draft constitution. It had been widely regarded as the "people's draft" because it included citizen participation. Its key provisions included reduced presidential powers and the establishment of independent state institutions.
The process was to culminate in a referendum in 2014. This prematurely aborted and Tanzania went into the 2015 election without a new constitution.
In these elections, Lissu successfully defended his parliamentary seat. As a second-term legislator, he focused on strengthening Chadema's presence. This included door-to-door conversations with the public and grassroots mobilisation to build the party.
The party's momentum, however, was halted by a repressive regime under Magufuli, who became president in 2015. He cracked down on critics and instituted a partial ban on political rallies.
Lissu became very critical of Magufuli's economic policies. In a public address in 2017, Magufuli admitted to the government's tapping of Lissu's phone and described those who opposed his own economic reforms as traitors. Soon after this, Lissu was shot 16 times after leaving parliament buildings in the capital, Dodoma.
Exile
Lissu officially went into exile in Belgium after the shooting. In 2020, he published Remaining in the Shadows: Parliament and Accountability in East Africa, a critical examination of the presidentialist systems in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, which he argued had undermined democratic consolidation in the region.
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Through this publication, Lissu continued his activism, challenging political structures.
His brief return to Tanzania to contest the presidency in 2020 was marked by repeated arrests and intimidation during the electoral campaign. After his loss to Magufuli, Lissu went back to Belgium.
He announced his return home in 2023.
Tanzania today
It's important to understand why Lissu and Chadema are viewed as a current threat in Tanzania.
The country is entering an election period. Local government elections are scheduled for November 2024 ahead of general elections in 2025.
The ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi, has in the recent past relied on state violence to secure electoral victories. The last general election in 2020 was marred by violence, as well as intimidation of the opposition and censorship.
It looks likely that Chadema will once again nominate Lissu to contest the presidency in the 2025 general election against president Samia. Lissu's fearlessness and defiance make him the best candidate to take on the ruling party. Samia has already described Lissu as a troublesome character.
With the ongoing opposition clampdown, it looks clear that the ruling party is once again willing to do whatever it will take to hold on to power. Even if Tanzania's democracy suffers.
Nicodemus Minde, Researcher, United States International University
