Ayetoro, a Nigerian town once known for its vibrant economy and cultural significance, now stands as a stark reminder of the destruction wrought by climate change. Key landmarks such as the market, football pitch, community library, a technical workshop and the community's first church have been submerged or destroyed by the sea. Even the monarch's palace, a symbol of the town's rich cultural heritage, is now surrounded by swampy water.
In 2021, Ojajuni Olufunsho, a 53-year-old resident of Ayetoro, a town along the Atlantic coast, southwestern Nigeria, saw her home swept away by the encroaching sea. What was once a spacious 10-room house, a sanctuary for Olufunsho and her five children, was swallowed by the relentless force of rising sea waters.
With no place to go, Olufunsho was forced to beg a family living on higher ground to take her family in. A tiny temporary shelter made from wood and aluminium sheets replaced the comforts of her previous home. She now struggles to survive by mending clothes as her once-thriving tailoring business was destroyed by the waters.
"I used to be a big tailor, and I also sold clothes, but the waters carried away everything. My shop was always full," she said, tears streaming down her face as she recounted her losses.
Ayetoro's battle with sea level rise dates back to the early 2000s, but its impact has only worsened with time. Local residents claim that nearly 90 percent of the town is now submerged by water.
Ayetoro resident Akinwuwa Omobolanle gestures towards a swampy expanse, a result of recurrent floods. Credit: Promise Eze/IPS
Ojajuni Oluwale lost two houses to the encroaching waters. Credit: Promise Eze/IPS
Emmanuel Aralu lost his business to the raging waters and now struggles to feed his family. Credit: Promise Eze/IPS
Streets, homes, schools, and even cemeteries have been swallowed by the rising tides, displacing thousands of residents. Many have been forced to move several times, seeking higher ground to escape the encroaching waters.
The buildings that once stood as symbols of the community's resilience now lie as empty shells, victims of the sea.
"Many people have left the town," said Comrade Omoyele Thompson, Ayetoro's Public Relations Officer, noting that the population has dwindled from around 30,000 in 2006 to just 5,000 in recent times.
"Properties worth millions of dollars have been destroyed. Hundreds of residential houses, including a maternity centre and factories built through communal efforts, have been ravaged by the sea surge," he added, highlighting that many residents now live in shanties.
The struggles of Ayetoro are not unique. Coastal communities around the world are facing similar challenges. Rising sea levels, fueled by climate change, are causing significant destruction, and projections suggest that the problem will only worsen.
According to data from the African Centre for Strategic Studies, African coastlines have experienced a consistent rise in sea levels over the past four decades. If this trend continues, sea levels are expected to increase by 0.3 meters by 2030, posing a threat to 117 million people on the continent.
Nigeria, with its vast coastline along the Gulf of Guinea, is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. While desertification threatens the northern parts of the country, the southern coastal areas face the growing menace of rising sea levels.
According to USAID, a 0.5-meter rise in sea levels could force as many as 27 to 53 million Nigerians living along the coast to relocate by the end of the century. Sea rise could have devastating effects on human activities in these regions, including agriculture and fishing, all of which form the backbone of Ayetoro's economy.
While rising sea levels pose a global threat, many countries are taking proactive measures to address the problem. For instance, about one-third of the Netherlands lies below sea level, and parts of the country have even been reclaimed from the sea. However, observers told IPS that the Nigerian government has shown minimal concern for Ayetoro's plight. Without urgent intervention, they warn, the town may soon exist only in photographs and history books.
A once-thriving technical school now stands battered and desolate. Credit: Promise Eze/IPS
The community's only remaining school, a fragile makeshift structure, has been repeatedly relocated due to relentless sea surges. Credit: Promise Eze/IPS
The Fading Jewel of the Atlantic
Ayetoro, originally founded in 1947 by Christian Apostolic missionaries, was once a beacon of self-sufficiency and progress. The town's community-focused way of life, based on religious values, fostered a sense of unity that earned it the nickname "The Happy City."
During the 1960s and 1970s, Ayetoro became known for its development in sectors such as agriculture, industry, and education. The town was home to Nigeria's first dockyard, which spurred industries like boat building and fishing. In 1953, it became only the second town in Nigeria to have electricity. These advancements made Ayetoro an attractive destination for tourists and settlers alike.
However, the town's once-beautiful beaches and thriving infrastructure have now become distant memories. Ayetoro, once known for its vibrant economy and cultural significance, now stands as a stark reminder of the destruction wrought by climate change.
Key landmarks such as the market, football pitch, community library, a technical workshop and the community's first church have been submerged or destroyed by the sea. Even the monarch's palace, a symbol of the town's rich cultural heritage, is now surrounded by swampy water.
Disrupted Lives
For many residents of Ayetoro, fishing has long been their primary livelihood. However, rising sea levels have made it increasingly difficult to secure a good catch. The distance to the water has expanded, and fuel costs for longer trips have soared, putting additional strain on their already limited finances.
Additionally, farmland and water sources have been contaminated by saltwater, making agriculture nearly impossible.
Thompson, who has been fighting for the rights of Ayetoro residents, said, "People are living in complete poverty because businesses have been lost."
In May 2024, he helped organize a peaceful protest, with thousands of residents--including children and the elderly--marching to demand government action. Their placards read "Save Our Souls" and "Save Ayetoro Now," but despite their efforts, the government has failed to respond.
The town's only surviving hospital is also in terrible condition and poorly equipped. Qualified healthcare workers have fled the area. In emergencies, residents must transport the sick by boat to hospitals in neighbouring communities. Tragically, many do not survive the journey.
Battered shanties dot Ayetoro. Credit: Promise Eze/IPS
The ruins of buildings stand as silent witnesses to the relentless sea surge. Credit: Promise Eze/IPS
Broken Promises
Ayetoro's calls for help have not gone unanswered in the past, but the response has often been inadequate or marred by corruption.
In 2000, the community wrote numerous letters to the government, pleading for help as the sea incursions worsened. The government didn't respond till 2004, when it launched the Ayetoro Shore Protection Project through the Niger Delta Development Commission, promising to build a sea embankment to protect the town from further flooding. However, millions of dollars allocated for the project were allegedly siphoned off, and no work was done.
"We read about the intervention in newspapers, but no contractor or equipment ever came to the site," Thompson said.
In 2009, the project was re-awarded to another company, Dredging Atlantic, but once again, nothing materialized.
Nigeria introduced the Climate Change Act in 2021 with the goal of addressing climate challenges. However, critics argue that, like other policies on paper, it lacks the political will to see the light of day.
Idowu Oyeneyin, the 38-year-old mother of three, is angry that no one has been held accountable for the failed projects. She said politicians only visit the community during election periods to make empty campaign promises.
"The rising coastal sea levels have brought immense hardship to my family. My shop, where I sold provisions to support my children, was completely destroyed by the floods. It wasn't just a shop--it was our primary source of income. Since the flood ruined my business, I can no longer afford to care for my children or meet their school needs," Oyeneyin said.
"We need support from the government and organizations to help us rebuild our lives. Many of us have lost not just our businesses but also our homes and stability. Providing financial aid and awareness programs could make a significant difference."
Her children now attend the only remaining school in the community, a makeshift structure of wooden huts precariously connected by unstable boardwalks and supported by stilts in the swampy ground. The school has been relocated multiple times due to relentless ocean surges.
Residents say there used to be three schools in the community. With the loss of two and the strain on the only one left, hundreds of children are now out of school.
"One time, schools were closed for about four years, and even when they reopened, the devastation in the area made it impossible for children to access their schools. This has been our greatest pain," Thompson told IPS.
Zikora Ibeh, Senior Programme Manager at Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa (CAPPA), is of the belief that the Nigerian government should recalibrate its priorities.
"Until state authorities in Nigeria recognise community welfare and environmental justice as essential components of their legacy, communities like Ayetoro will continue to bear the brunt of neglect, exploitation, and climate change," Ibeh said.
The monarch's palace, now surrounded by swampy waters, tells a tale of loss. Credit: Promise Eze/IPS
The Curse of Fossil Fuels
Ayetoro's vulnerability to rising sea levels is compounded by the oil exploration activities in the region. Located in Nigeria's oil-rich belt, Ayetoro contributes to the country's total oil production.
Akinwuwa Omobolanle, who was the queen to the former king of Ayetoro, wants local and international oil companies to stop operating in the area.
"The crude oil drilling in the ocean and the arrival of foreigners who discovered natural resources in Ayetoro in the 1990s are one of the main causes of what we are facing. Since they started drilling oil, problems have been escalating," Omobolanle said.
While oil companies deny responsibility for the destruction, environmental experts want justice.
"While rising sea levels are undoubtedly driven by global warming, the plight of Ayetoro, like many oil-rich communities in the Niger Delta, is also a direct consequence of reckless extractivism perpetuated by multinational oil and gas corporations. For decades, these corporations have operated with near-total impunity, leaving a trail of environmental destruction in their wake," Ibeh posited.
The Nigerian government, she added, does not hold these corporations accountable and demand reparations for the damage done, but rather "successive governments have chosen complicity, upholding corporate interests and revenue generation over the welfare of communities like Ayetoro. This negligence has left the town doubly vulnerable--first to the global impacts of climate change and second to the unchecked greed of profit-driven industries that treat the environment as disposable."
Cynthia N. Moyo, Greenpeace Africa's Climate and Energy Campaigner, told IPS that it is essential for Africa to transition from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources. She argued that fossil fuels represent not only an environmental threat but also a perpetuation of oppression, exploitation, and neocolonialism.
"The science is clear: the extreme weather events we're experiencing in our communities are a direct consequence of continued reliance on fossil fuels. These events are wreaking havoc on vulnerable communities worldwide. In Africa, the effects of climate change are devastating--cyclones, typhoons, floods, and billions of dollars in damage occur annually," she said.
Moyo warned that increased investment in offshore oil and gas drilling would lead to severe environmental damage, including the risk of spills that harm marine ecosystems and destroy the livelihoods of coastal communities. This, she explained, would only exacerbate the climate crisis.
"Such activities undermine meaningful efforts and commitments to transition towards renewable energy. Fossil fuels like coal and oil lie at the core of a broken, unjust, and unsustainable energy system that harms both people and the planet," she noted.
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A Bleak Future?
For the residents of Ayetoro, time is running out. Amid the lack of government support, they have been attempting to find local solutions to their worsening plight but without success.
"We have tried to build local barriers to stop the flood," said Ojajuni Oluwale, a father of seven who has lost two houses to the encroaching waters. "We've tried bagging sand and placing it along the coastline, but when the sea rises, it scatters everything."
"Solving this will require huge financial investment," Oluwale said.
At COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, developed nations agreed to allocate USD 300 billion annually to help developing countries address climate impacts. However, developing countries criticized this amount as inadequate, with Nigeria describing it as a "joke."
There is widespread skepticism that developed nations, responsible for nearly 80 percent of historical greenhouse gas emissions, will honor their commitments. In 2009, they pledged to provide USD 100 billion annually to support vulnerable countries grappling with worsening climate disasters, but the promise was slow to materialize, even though, according to the OECD, developed countries exceeded the amount in the end.
In 2022, after years of pressure, developed nations agreed to establish a Loss and Damage Fund to offer financial support to nations most vulnerable and severely impacted by the consequences of climate change. Contributions to the fund have exceeded USD 70 million, with disbursement expected to begin by 2025.
Tolulope Theresa Gbenro, a climate expert in Nigeria, worries about the disparity between the climate financing needs of developing countries, especially African nations, and the pledges made by developed countries. She noted that at present, climate finance and accountability are somewhat disorganized and lacking a clear, unified approach across various funding sources.
"It's one thing to have enough funding to meet the needs, but another to have the right accountability, monitoring, and auditing frameworks in place to ensure that funds are properly disbursed and reach the most vulnerable groups. At this stage, I would say it is still a work in progress because negotiations related to this will continue moving forward," Gbenro highlighted.
While Ayetoro awaits any form of assistance to prevent its complete destruction, residents report that the psychological toll of their suffering is overwhelming.
"The trauma is unbearable," said Emmanuel Aralu, who lost his barbershop to the encroaching sea. "The entire shop was wiped out overnight. Not a single item could be saved. Now, I'm struggling to make ends meet, support my wife and children, pay school fees, and cope with the rising cost of living."
He continued, "I'm suffering for something I didn't cause. Oil exploration drains resources from our offshore areas, but the benefits go to cities like Abuja and Lagos, leaving us to bear the brunt of the damage. It's emotionally exhausting."
IPS UN Bureau Report
