Foreign companies from a range of countries compete in Africa's mining sector. But according to a number of measures, those from one country dominate: Canada.
When asked to think about foreign mining contracts in Africa, many people's minds will jump to China, or perhaps one of the former colonial powers such as the UK or France. China's construction and agricultural projects in particular are at the core of the 'Africa Rising' narrative, as are the Asian giant's more than 1.3 billion consumers.
Some readers might be surprised therefore to learn that Canada - with a population less than one-tenth that of China's and geographically about as far from Africa as one can get - has quietly grown to become one of the largest stakeholders in Africa's mining sector - possibly the largest, depending on how you quantify it.
A grizzly competitor
"We certainly are one of the biggest players [in Africa] in several respects", Pierre Gratton, president and CEO of the Mining Association of Canada, told Think Africa Press. "It's a largely undeveloped, unexplored continent, which makes it interesting... .A new frontier. Our industry is often one of the first to go where no-one has gone before."
Countries competing with Canada in African mining include the UK, France, Australia, China, and South Africa, but ranking their relative dominance is all but impossible; countries measure and declare assets and investments using different methodologies and with varying levels of transparency. However, documents provided by Natural Resources Canada seem to portray a relatively accurate picture of the country's activities in Africa.
According to these documents, in 2011 - the most recent year for which statistics are available - 155 Canadian companies were operating in 39 African countries. Their combined assets* totalled more than $30.8 billion, up from $26.5 billion in 2010.
Canadian firms were most active in East Africa, with $12.7 billion on the ground in 2011. West Africa came next with $9.9 billion invested, followed by Southern Africa ($4.9 billion), Central Africa ($3.4 billion), and North Africa ($36.7 million).
Ranked in descending order by value of assets, Canada's most important mining partners in 2011 were: Zambia, Mauritania, South Africa, Madagascar, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Tanzania, Mali, Senegal, and Eritrea.
While Canada is a major force in African mining, current projects on the continent actually only comprise a minority of Canadian companies' operations overseas. According to Natural Resources Canada, assets in Africa accounted for just 21.5% of Canadian mining companies' cumulative assets abroad. The majority are in Latin America.
Taking stock
However, those numbers describe just the interests of companies headquartered in Canada. Expand the picture to take into account other country's projects financed on Canada's Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and the TSX Venture, and Canada's role in mining around the world grows even more substantial.
According to a December 2012 report drafted by the TSX, during the first nine months of 2012, 89% of all global mining equity financings were done on the TSX and TSX Venture (up one point from 2011).
The document states that only 7% of mining projects traded on the TSX are located in Africa, but that does not diminish the fact that a lot of money for mining sites in Africa is going through the exchange in Toronto.
"There are approximately 315-20 listed [mining] companies that are not African but are doing business in Africa", says Bruce Shapiro, president of Mine Africa, a Canada-based business and marketing company. "Of those, over 50% are Canadian. So in terms of the companies that we would normally look at, we certainly dominate that market."
Shapiro explains that what sets Canada apart is the level of access to finance available on the TSX, where there's a tradition of an appetite for risk. "Capital, at the moment, is impossible to raise", he remarks, in reference to struggling developed economies. "But if it wasn't, it would be relatively easy in Canada, compared to some other markets."
Shapiro notes that Canada has vast deposits of mineral wealth within its own borders, a long history mining those deposits, and is now taking this expertise to Africa. Looking to the future, he continues, prospectors tend to be moving either into less-explored low-risk areas with stable governments or high-risk regions that tempt miners with the potential of very high rewards.
Rocky relations?
But in addition to a favourable private sector, mining companies are also attracted to Canada for a less-flattering reason, suggests Jamie Kneen, a coordinator for advocacy group MiningWatch Canada.
"There are hardly any Canadian laws of international application", he says. "If something goes wrong, people may be able to sue in Canada, but that's not entirely clear - it hasn't worked yet."
Kneen explains that while countries such as the US have passed domestic laws that govern corporations' activities abroad, Canada has not done the same. The current Conservative government has actually voted down several attempts to increase accountability abroad.
One of those attempts to regulate the mining sector overseas was initiated by Member of Parliament John McKay. In April 2009, he proposed a bill that aimed to increase corporate accountability in developing countries, but to no avail.
"It died a glorious death", McKay recalls on the phone from the Canadian capital of Ottawa. "They [mining lobbyists] don't play to lose."
He notes that without such legislation, international corporations based in Canada are left to self-regulate their conduct and adhere to the domestic laws of the countries in which they operate as they see fit.
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"We have no ability to tell any mining company what to do, when to do, where to do, or how to do it", McKay emphasises. In much of Africa, that creates potential for abuse. "Canadian companies are venturing into areas they've never ventured before", he says. "There doesn't seem to be any hesitation to go into conflict zones and areas where you know darn well you're going to have some difficulties of some kind."
Indeed, as Pierre Gratton from The Mining Association of Canada notes, Africa's mining sector is expected to continue to expand, and Canadian interests on the continent to grow with it.
"There's a recognition that this is something that we do well here, that we're good at mining", he says. "It's one of the exceptions to the Canadian economy - we tend not to necessarily dominate sectors, but in mining, we do."
*Natural Resources Canada defines mining companies' cumulative "assets" as "calculated at acquisition, construction or fabricating costs, and includes capitalized exploration and development costs, non-controlling interest, and excludes liquid assets, cumulative depreciation [sic], and write-off."
Travis Lupick is a freelance journalist currently living in Monrovia, Liberia. His work has appeared in al Jazeera English, the Africa Report magazine, and Canada's Toronto Star. You can follow him on Twitter at @tlupick.
